Vol. 4 Issue 49 ? Article: 'Do Informational Interviews Have a Place ...

ELTWeekly Vol. 4 Issue#49 | December 3, 2012 |?ISSN 0975-3036

Speaking skills?? especially in stressful situations ? matter.

Most quality Business English and VESL (Vocational English as a Second Language) programs provide extensive training and practice? in both short and long job interviews. Job interviews are stressful ? especially for?English language learners.? In fact, many adult, community college, and university ESL programs also include mock job interviews in the curriculum so ESL students can learn how to better answer simple and difficult questions. After all, many career experts recommend native speakers practice and practice again for these high-stakes interviews. It behooves?English language learners?to practice, practice, and practice some more for job interviews.

During these difficult economic times, however,? Business English trainers, advanced ESL (English as a Second Language), teachers and VESL (Vocational English as a Second Language) job coordinators should focus on an even wider range of interviewing skills. Many people have to interview co-workers, customers, strangers, and even more senior professionals at work.?Speaking skills?? in particular interview skills ? matter.

Informational interviews ? where future professionals ask questions to working professionals that hold a desirable position ? achieves this goal ? and a few more.?? Informational interviews deserve far more attention in English language programs, but especially in Business English programs and VESL classes since informational interviews provide practical opportunities to develop business contacts and remain a savvy? job hunting tactic.

A common practice in the United States in many white-collar professions, informational interviews allow students (or individuals seeking a career change) to meet more successful and senior professionals in a field. From scheduling an appointment and preparing questions to? collecting information on common business practices, this professional exercise tests the fluency and language skills.? Informational interviews also expand their personal network of valuable business contacts. Sometimes these 20-30 minute interviews, often at offices, offer surprising insights into the typical work experiences and best workplace practices. Topics can range from the biographic to industry trends.? Best of all, informational interviews can also lead to job leads, internships, and even new jobs.

This real world assignment can work with high-intermediate and advanced Business English clients. In fact, asking clients or students to find, research, and conduct an informational interview requires a certain level of fluency and confidence ? outside the classroom. This challenging, authentic class assignment requires?English language learners?to perform a vital workplace skill, respond in real time to a potential supervisor, and ask appropriate questions.

What are appropriate questions? Here are a few classic informational interview questions:

• How did you first enter the field? Why?
• How has the industry changed since you began your career?
• Can you describe a typical day at work?
• What are some trends that you are watching?
• What do you know now that you wish you knew when you started?
• What question should I have asked that I didn?t ask today?

These simple questions often provide illuminating glimpses into the professional lives of successful professionals.

I recommend requiring a ?trip report? or? a presentation to show the results of the informational interview with fellow Business English students,. This reflective exercise requires students to concisely summarize their interview.? Learning how to conduct an informational interview is a crucial skill that they can use over and over again during their business careers. Many graduate programs strongly recommend (and sometime mandate) their students conduct regular informational interviews.

From my perspective,? adding? information interviews to Business English classes and VESL programs seems extraordinarily sensible.? It also qualifies as an effective use of precious instructional time. Practical and popular, this multidimensional assignment consistently engages students and provides surprising insights in a university setting. I?ve been requiring informational interviews for several years in my university courses for both native and non-native English speakers. Students consistently rate the informational interview highest among the course assignments ? and often praise it on course evaluations.

Therefore, I?m quite confident that quality Business English and VESL programs can clearly benefit from adding this real-world, authentic task to their curriculum too.

Ask more. Know more. Share more.
Create Compelling Conversations ? in English!
www.CompellingConversations.com.

Source: http://www.eltweekly.com/elt-newsletter/2012/12/vol-4-issue-49-article-do-informational-interviews-have-a-place-in-business-english-programs-by-eric-roth/

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Sony patent application details hybrid DualShock / PlayStation Move controller

If you think Sony's DualShock and Move controllers are two halves of a well-rounded gaming experience, you might be pleased to know that the firm has dreamt up a hybrid. A patent application filed last year by Kaz and Co. for a "Hybrid Separable Motion Controller" has just surfaced, and it describes a controller that can function as two independent parts or locked together as one. The application also suggests that the location of the controller's halves could be independently tracked when separated and that video games played with the Franken-hardware could switch to configuration-appropriate control schemes. A similar concept has popped up before, but that's no guarantee the contraption will ever see the light of day. In any case, you can hit the bordering source link to dig into the filing and fantasize what such a piece of kit could mean for gaming.

Filed under: Gaming, Sony

Comments

Via: Joystiq

Source: USPTO

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2012/12/01/sony-patent-application-hybrid-dualshock-move-controller/

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Signal problems preceded NJ train derailment

Derailed freight train cars lay in water in Paulsboro, N.J., Friday, Nov. 30, 2012. People in three southern New Jersey towns were told Friday to stay inside after the freight train derailed and several tanker cars carrying hazardous materials toppled from a bridge and into a creek. (AP Photo/Cliff Owen)

Derailed freight train cars lay in water in Paulsboro, N.J., Friday, Nov. 30, 2012. People in three southern New Jersey towns were told Friday to stay inside after the freight train derailed and several tanker cars carrying hazardous materials toppled from a bridge and into a creek. (AP Photo/Cliff Owen)

Several cars lay in the water after a freight train derailed in Paulsboro, N.J., Friday, Nov. 30, 2012. People in three southern New Jersey towns were told Friday to stay inside after the freight train derailed and several tanker cars carrying hazardous materials toppled from a bridge and into a creek. (AP Photo/Cliff Owen)

An official stands by derailed freight train tank cars in Paulsboro, N.J., Friday, Nov. 30, 2012. People in three southern New Jersey towns were told Friday to stay inside after a freight train derailed and several tanker cars carrying hazardous materials toppled from a bridge and into a creek. At least one tanker car may contain vinyl chloride, Gloucester County Emergency Management director J. Thomas Butts told WPVI-TV. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)

Officials stand next to derailed freight train cars in Paulsboro, N.J., Friday, Nov. 30, 2012, after several tanker cars carrying hazardous materials toppled from a bridge and into a creek. At least one tanker car may contain vinyl chloride, Gloucester County Emergency Management director J. Thomas Butts told WPVI-TV. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)

Map locates train derailment and hazardous spill in New Jersey

PAULSBORO, N.J. (AP) ? There may have been a problem with a signal at a New Jersey bridge just before a trail derailed there, spewing a hazardous chemical into the air that sickened dozens of people.

National Transportation Safety Board chairman Deborah Hersman said Saturday that train crewmembers have told investigators that a radio code used to change a light from red to green failed to work just before Friday's accident.

The conductor got out of the train and visually inspected the bridge in Paulsboro, she said. The crew then called for and received permission to cross, she said.

It's unclear if the malfunctioning signal had anything to do with the accident, she said. Hersman said the train was moving 8 mph just before seven cars derailed on the bridge ? below the 10 mph speed limit.

More than 100 people in southern New Jersey remained out of their homes Saturday as officials continued their efforts to clear a hazardous gas that spewed from a ruptured freight train car.

The precautionary evacuations in Paulsboro were ordered late Friday, hours after the train derailment, and will likely remain in effect throughout the weekend and possibly longer.

The order came after readings showed higher levels of vinyl chloride in the air. The gas, used to make the common plastic PVC, can make people dizzy or sleepy.

A Conrail spokesman said his company was paying for 106 hotel rooms for displaced residents. He was not certain how many people had been told to leave.

Meanwhile, officials continued the delicate cleanup and investigation that started after the train derailed, sending four tanker cars partially into a creek.

Speaking at a news conference Saturday morning, Coast Guard Capt. Kathy Moore said crews would "exclusively be working" on removing the remaining chemicals, now in a solid state, out of the breached car.

Moore said there were no signs that any of the other train cars had been ruptured, but added "there's still a lot we don't know."

National Transportation Safety Board members arrived Friday to start the work of piecing together how the accident happened on the swing-style rail bridge where there was another derailment three years ago. With increased health concerns close to the site, Hersman said her investigators would initially focus on reviewing records, interviewing witnesses and other parts of the investigation that can be done away from the accident scene.

Meanwhile, local authorities said the job of lifting tanker cars was so immense that no cranes in the Philadelphia area were strong enough to handle it. One was being floated in by barge from New York Harbor ? a full day's journey away ? for the job.

While the machinery is big, the operation must be precise to avoid any further ruptures to derailed cars.

The derailment happened at about 7 a.m. Friday in Paulsboro, an industrial town directly across the Delaware River from Philadelphia International Airport. The train ? two locomotives, 83 freight cars and a caboose ? was making its way from Camden when seven cars derailed. Five of them were on the bridge and two were nearby.

Four of the tankers were filled with vinyl chlorine. One of those cars ruptured, spewing some of the gas into the air.

The gas can make people dizzy or sleepy. Breathing very high levels can cause someone to pass out, and breathing extremely high levels can cause death. Most of the vinyl chloride is gone from the body one day after being breathed in.

More than 70 people who live or work in the area went to an emergency room, but none were found to have life-threatening conditions and most were discharged within hours.

The bridge was rebuilt after it buckled in August 2009 when nine cars carrying coal derailed. Officials blamed bridge misalignment for that accident.

Hersman said Friday that her agency will not rule on a cause during its initial, on-the-ground investigation.

On Friday, 17 NTSB workers were in Paulsboro starting to assess the integrity and history of the bridge, the mechanics of the train and the condition of its crew.

She said the cars would be moved only after they'd been documented.

For the ruptured one, the major concern was dealing with the solidified vinyl chlorine that remained inside. Tom Butts, chief of the Gloucester County Office of Emergency Management, said the chemical could be sprayed with water, which would turn it into gas, and then more water could be used to neutralize it as it dissipates into the air. But Hersman said the method of removing the vinyl chloride was not decided for certain.

Local authorities said residents should remain cautious and heed official announcements in case more of the gas gets into the air during the cleanup.

Assemblyman John Burzichelli, a former mayor of Paulsboro who was acting as the town's spokesman on Friday, said getting the rail fixed and reopened is important for commerce in a stretch of New Jersey with refineries and factories.

"This is heavy rail and this is heavy freight," he said.

As long as the bridge is out, he said, businesses will have to rely on barges and trucks to move goods.

___

Follow Mulvihill at http://www.twitter.com/geoffmulvihill

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2012-12-01-Train%20Derailment-Chemicals/id-f493f5c2aa10465a92ae0e34d56c727d

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War rips apart families, neighbors in Syria

Syrian children look through their car window as they cross into Lebanon with their families at the border crossing, in Masnaa, eastern Lebanon, Friday, Nov. 30, 2012. (AP Photo/Hassan Ammar)

Syrian children look through their car window as they cross into Lebanon with their families at the border crossing, in Masnaa, eastern Lebanon, Friday, Nov. 30, 2012. (AP Photo/Hassan Ammar)

In this Thursday, Nov. 29, 2012 photo, night falls as men warm themselves by a fire in a Syrian rebel controlled area in where residents are trying to get back to their daily lives after months of heavy fighting in Aleppo, Syria. (AP Photo/Narciso Contreras)

BEIRUT (AP) ? ? It's at night that worries over her children hit the matriarch of the Khayyat family hardest, tormenting her as she tries to sleep.

Four of her sons have joined the tens of thousands of rebels fighting to topple President Bashar Assad. The fifth is a sergeant in Assad's army, a draftee. Worsening her troubles, her own brother no longer speaks to her because of her sons in the rebellion.

"This is what it has come to in Syria," said the 60-year-old Sunni Muslim woman as she sat in the family home on the outskirts of Damascus. "This is my son, and the other is my son, but each is fighting on a different side in this war. It burns my heart." Because of fears of reprisals against any of her children, she spoke on condition she not be identified except by the name of her large, extended family.

More than any of the other uprisings that toppled longtime dictators in the Arab world, the civil war in Syria has sharply polarized the country ? ripping apart families and neighbors and bringing a bloody end to decades of coexistence.

The war has riven Syria along sectarian lines. The Sunni majority forms the backbone of the revolt. The minority Alawite sect, an offshoot of Shiism, backs the regime of Assad, who is himself an Alawite and has stacked his leadership with members of the community. Other minorities like Christians largely support Assad or stand on the sidelines, worried that Assad's fall would bring a more Islamist rule over them.

But behind the broad outlines, even families within the same community have been wrenched apart.

Some are torn by ideology: In a family, some remain fiercely loyal to Assad, alienating those who became regime opponents. Despite years of discrimination under the Assad family rule, even some Sunni Muslims back him, whether out of fear of the alternative or belief in the regime narrative boasting of Syria as an oasis of secularism and stability in a turbulent region.

Others families are divided by circumstances: Young army conscripts find themselves fighting for a regime they fear defecting from even as their brothers join the rebels.

The violence, which activists say has killed more than 40,000 people since March 2011, has unleashed animosity and sectarian hatreds that many say they didn't even know existed. Tit-for-tat killings between sects have swelled, as has segregation as Sunnis and Alawites flee each other. On social media web sites, venomous accusations and insults fly between regime opponents and Assad loyalists, who they often deride as "Minhibakjis" ? Arabic for "we love you." A third group of Syrians is opposed to both camps.

"Syrian society has been deeply fragmented along multiple lines which may take generations to repair," said Randa Kassis, a Syrian anthropologist opposed to Assad's regime. "Anyone of a different opinion is immediately being cast as an agent or a stooge."

"It will take a lot of work to instill a culture of tolerance and acceptance, of give and take among people," said the Paris-based Kassis, who founded the Movement for a Pluralistic Society, an organization working for a secular and united civil society in Syria.

In that atmosphere, a difference of opinion within a family can swell into a bitter split.

Mohammed, a former sergeant from the southern town of Daraa, where the uprising began, said he defected early on because he could not bring himself to open fire on protesters. He said he "felt like his heart was on the other side."

But his father and his brother, who serves in the air force security department in Daraa, remain hardcore regime supporters, convinced that those protesting are foreign-backed terrorists. Mohammed spoke on condition he be identified only by his first name for fear his brother would be harmed for the connection to an uprising supporter.

"The first few months were hell," he said. "My father forbade any talk at home of the revolution. When I told him I intended to defect, he grabbed me and said: 'If you want to defect, go do it somewhere else and don't bring shame to this family.'"

Mohammed said he joined friends in the central province of Homs and has been fighting there since.

"I think my brother is a coward. But I don't blame him, each person's tolerance level is different," he said.

An opposition activist in Damascus said his family's divisions are a generational struggle. He said his family has long opposed the regime but are of a generation that shunned activism, knowing it would bring harsh retaliation.

So "when I quit my job as a magazine editor to dedicate my time to the revolution, they went crazy," he said in an interview through Skype.

"Sometimes they shut me off for days, they don't talk to me, then they ease up," he said.

The rebel sons of the Khayyat family matriarch seemed unsure whether their brother was serving in Assad's military willingly or out of fear if he defected. The brother was drafted six months before the uprising began and is serving in the eastern Deir el-Zour province. Tens of thousands of soldiers have defected over the past 20 months, many now fighting alongside the rebels.

At the Khayyat family home in Kisweh, south of Damascus, the matriarch's eldest son walks in slowly, dragging his foot because of a injury during recent fighting. He was the first of the brothers to join the Free Syrian Army rebels, after he became convinced armed resistance was needed against Assad's brutal crackdown on peaceful protests.

He hasn't seen his army brother for months. He and other members of the family spoke on condition their first names not be used for fear of reprisals.

"I know there may come a day when my brother and I might stand face to face against each other, but this is a war between right and wrong," he said.

Another brother with the rebels is convinced their military sibling is staying unwillingly. The last time he spoke with him was last month during the Eid al-Adha holiday.

"He couldn't say anything beyond 'how are you'. He knows he is under surveillance," said the brother, who was fired from his job as teacher at a private school for taking part in an anti-government protest. "If he defects, they would not forgive him, he would be killed."

"The struggle is no longer just between the regime and the opposition. It is now at the workplace, in every family and in every home," he said.

Their father, who was imprisoned several times during the uprising, is now in hiding, a wanted man. Their mother starts to cry as she tells of how her own brother has not spoken to her in a year and a half because of her rebel sons.

"But I stick up to my sons because they are fighting for what they believe in," she said. "As a mother, I don't differentiate between my sons."

"All I want is to have them all gathered around the same meal at home again."

___

An AP contributor in Damascus contributed to this report.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/apdefault/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-11-30-ML-Syria-Divided-Families/id-dece814d0ce44f3dbc2ab8c08f16d48f

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The Legal Creation of Race in America | Global Research

When examining history, it seems that a narrative has evolved over time that slavery somehow just happened in the United States due to the need for cheap labor and that Africans were chosen because they could do that labor the best. While this is true, it is far from the full reality of the situation. Like slavery, race took time to be created and accepted by the population and like slavery; race had to be created from a legal framework. For this, we need look no further than colonial Virginia.

It must be acknowledged that there was and still is some debate over whether or not the Africans that came to Virginia in 1619 were slaves or that they slowly, but surely transitioned to slavery. Yet, despite this, there is still evidence that in the mid-1600s, laws were being made to create race.

Interestingly enough, slavery was not originally sought after in colonial Virginia as, ?in spite of its seeming superiority, [it] was actually not as advantageous as indentured labor during the first half of the century? [1] due to the high morality of Virginia immigrants. Such morality created a situation where there would be no advantage in owning a person for their entire lives rather than a few years, ?especially since a slave cost roughly twice as much as an indentured servant.? [2]

Though, this ?morality? was in reality due to economics as up until the 1640s, the main crop for Barbados and Virginia was tobacco. However, Barbados made a switch to cotton and then finally sugar in the early 1640s. This discouraged white indentured servants from going to Barbados as ?sugar production required such strenuous labor that men would not willingly undertake it.? [3] Thus, colonial Virginia was given an influx of indentured servants.

Virginia?s transition to slave labor was slow as even though it became more advantageous to own slaves rather than have indentured servants in 1660, in that year the Virginian assembly allowed Dutch slave ships exemption from local duties, however, in that same year the Navigation Acts were passed, resulting in Virginia not implementing slavery as fast as this created a situation which would decrease the number of slaves that could be imported. It also did not help that Virginia was now in competition with sugar planters in the Barbados over this smaller supply of slaves.

The concept of race, originally, was essentially nonexistent as while blacks were identified as Negroes, it ?was a national rather than racial designation? and ?the early records identify the nationality of all non-Englishmen.? [4] The social structure was much more based on class rather than race. White and black servants would often socialize with one another [5], seeing themselves as being in the same situation and being oppressed by the system.

Yet, even this was soon found problematic. The first recorded punishment for interracial relations was in 1630 in Virginia when Hugh Davis was sentenced to be whipped for ?defiling his body in lying with a Negress.? [6] (While there has yet to be evidence that Davis was white, the language used by the Virginia Assembly implies as such.) This notes that society was quickly changing in its attitudes towards race and interracial relations. Virginia was established in 1607 and within about 20 years social relations had changed so vastly that blacks and whites were not allowed to have romantic relations.

Soon laws were being passed which would further groundwork to later separate and create race. The first such law appeared in the early 1640s where ?the courts clearly recognized property in men and women and their unborn progeny.? [7] This is quite revealing as it shows that there was already the creation of a legal basis for what would later become full-fledged slavery in the 19th century where in that time it was assumed that the children of slaves would be slaves. However, it also denotes a difference as the above-mentioned law was all encompassing, it didn?t matter which of your parents was a slave, if you were born to slaves, you were considered a slave whereas in later years the inheritance of slave status was purely matrilineal.

The law soon changed to this matrilineal status in 1662. Due to planters worrying about servant uprisings, suspected cooperation among servants and slaves, as well as ?the growing problem of controlling the sexual activity of female servants? [8] the Virginia Assembly passed a law declaring ?that the children of enslaved women should follow the condition of their mother? [9] thus creating a situation where the institution of slavery could continue unabated and that the owners would consistently have a source of labor upon which to draw.

The differentiation was fully made between black and white servants began with the case of John Punch. In 1640 the Virginia General Court handed down a ruling to three servants, two white, one black, who had attempted to escape. While the servitude sentences of the two whites were lengthened, John Punch was sentenced to ?serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural life here or elsewhere.? This was soon followed by a case where a black runaway was caught, yet the length of their sentence was not increased ?presumably because he was already serving for life.? [10] Thus, this separation of the races began and with it the meaning of who was black and who was white and what exactly that meant.

Yet, the establishment of slavery also meant the establishment of a different set of rules and regulations regarding slaves. The only disadvantage to owning a slave was the fact that they had no incentive to work, whereas the indentured servant?s incentive came from the fact that they would eventually receive their freedom. In order to get slaves to work, in the first years some masters offered slaves the chance to earn their freedom by working hard or giving them land to grow their own crops. [11]

However, this defeats the very purpose of slavery and with it, its advantages. Thus, slave owners had to realize that the slaves had to be punished much harsher than the servants. In 1669 the Virginia Assembly passed a law which stated in part that ?if any slave resist his master and by the extremity of the correction should chance to die, that his death shall not be [viewed as a] felony, but the master be acquitted from molestation.? [12] In other words, if a slave master accidentally kills his slave, he will not be charged with a crime as the slave is considered property rather than a human being. The law even went so far as to ensure that ?the public would compensate the master for the loss of slaves thus killed.? [13] In doing this, the Assembly ensured that Virginian society would fully accept slavery.

The differences between black and white also had an interesting effect on black women and reveals further that the legal system created race, however in this case it didn?t have to do with relations between black and white servants but rather with taxes. In 1643, African women were categorized as ?tithables? (individuals who performed taxable labor) in Virginia revealing that African women were seen as ?field laborers with a productive capacity equivalent to that of men.? [14] In regarding African women as ?tithables,? the Virginia Assembly showed that they viewed African and white women differently, with African women being viewed solely as laborers and on the same level as men.

One must note that the separation of black and white women served the interests of the ruling white patriarchy. By separating the two groups and treating one group as a man, the patriarchy was able to give the white woman a feeling of superiority by giving her someone to look down up and feel above. In regarding the African women as a man, the patriarchal system was able to force African women into a situation where they lost their femininity and to be in a much more able position to control black women.

At the exact same time this law was passed, a law further condemning interracial relations was passed with the Virginia Assembly stating that ?if any Christian shall commit fornication with a negro man or woman, [he] or [she] so offending shall pay double the fines imposed by the former act.? [15] This was done to discourage interracial relations, but also had a disproportionate effect on white women, who, due to ?the growing emphasis on bastardy in which the birth of a child constituted ?proof? of sexual misconduct,?[16] could be easily prosecuted were they found with a mixed race child.

Among all of this it must be acknowledged that racial tensions grew as Virginia?s transition to slavery became fully realized. The shift from indentured and free to slave labor resulted in the unemployment of many whites; however, those in power were able to allow poor whites to have a sense of superiority against slaves and other non-whites. This was done mainly to dissuade poor whites from realizing that it wasn?t the slave, but rather those in the planter class, that had put them in such a miserable situation and thus rebelling against the current social order.

When looking at the historical record, one can see that at the time Virginians began to purchase black slaves in large quantities, ?they were also buying Indians? and that constantly seeing Indians with slaves created a situation where ?it was easy for Virginians to extend to blacks some of the bad feelings they harbored towards Indians.?[17] This may have possibly been caused by the fact that once one begins to see the two groups together and soon associates immediately one with the other.

The Virginia Assembly, through passing legislation, ?deliberately did what it could to foster the contempt of whites for blacks and Indians.? In 1680 the Assembly passed legislation that meted out a punishment of 30 lashes on any black or Indian that fought a white servant. ?This was a particularly effective provision in that it allowed servants to bully slave without fear of relation, this placing them psychologically on a par with masters.? [18] Such laws were crucial to keeping the current social order in which the planter class was dominant. By having the servant classes disassociate in every way with the African and Native American slaves, the planter class crushed any chance of worker solidarity and relied on the old divide and conquers strategy to maintain their position in society. It also furthered the acceptance of slavery to be the norm as now the white underclass would be in support of slavery as they would see Africans as deserving of slavery.

The creation of race in America was not one that was suddenly thought up, but rather a slow process a slow process of social engineering that was extremely beneficial to some while excruciatingly painful for others. At the heart of the matter lies the need for a labor source to work the fields, but to do it in such a manner where it could be deemed acceptable and would be in the control of the planter class, thus the legal route was taken to create differences, inferences, and meanings that were solely dependent upon one?s skin color.

Notes

[1] Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia, (New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1975), pg 297

[2] Morgan, pg 297

[3] Morgan, 298

[4] Lerone Bennett Jr., The Shaping of Black America (Chicago, Illinois: Johnson Publishing Company, 1975), pg 18

[5] Bennett Jr., pg 19

[6] Kevin Mumford, ?After Hugh: Statutory Race Segregation in Colonial America, 1630-1725,? The American Journal of Legal History 43 (July 1999): 280

[7] Morgan, pg 297

[8] Kathleen M. Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) pg 195

[9] Brown, pgs 195-196

[10] Winthrop D. Jordan, ?Modern Tensions and the Origins of American Slavery,? The Journal of Southern History 28 (February 1962): 23-24

[11] Morgan, pg 311

[12] Morgan, pg 312

[13] Morgan, pg 313

[14] Brown, pg 118

[15] Brown, pg 196

[16] Brown, pg 196

[17] Morgan, pg 330

[18] Morgan, pg 331

Devon DB is a 20 year old independent writer and researcher. He is studying political science and can be contacted at devondb[at]mail[dot]com.

Source: http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-legal-creation-of-race-in-america/5313564

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Tagliabue holds Saints bounties hearing in DC

WASHINGTON (AP) ? Former NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue and lawyers for the league and the players' union have arrived for a hearing in the Saints bounties case.

Tagliabue is overseeing the latest round of player appeals in Washington.

Former Saints assistant Mike Cerullo, a key witness in the NFL's investigation, is scheduled to speak Thursday. Former New Orleans defensive coordinator Gregg Williams is to participate in Friday's session.

Two Saints players who were suspended, linebacker Jonathan Vilma and defensive end Will Smith, had said they plan to attend when Williams is there.

Vilma's lawyer attended Thursday's hearing at an office building.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/347875155d53465d95cec892aeb06419/Article_2012-11-29-FBN-Saints-Bounties-Hearings/id-083467592885471f86818c9767dac389

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